久久久福利国产

This Arabic language lecture will be held at 16:30 GMT

Are female humans excluded from being an 颈苍蝉腻苍 k膩mil?

God鈥檚 鈥漴epresentative鈥� on earth as described in verse 2:30¹ has generated many discourses, from designating the Prophet as the most perfect human, to Sufis who aspired to achieve the perfection of al-颈苍蝉腻苍 al-k膩mil, and the theological discourses of 士颈濒尘Knowledge, science, learning; also, more specifically religious knowledge. In Shi鈥榠sm this term also refers to the special knowledge of the Imams. 补濒-办补濒腻尘. However, before political correctness took root even in academia, the term al-颈苍蝉腻苍 al-k膩mil was usually translated into English² as 鈥渢he perfect man,鈥� replacing the umbrella term human and making 鈥渕an鈥� a synecdoche, thereby side-lining women and excluding half the human race from achieving or aspiring to perfection.

Though this is not the case in Arabic, where all three terms 鈥� 颈苍蝉腻苍, rajul or dhakar and 颈尘谤补示补 or unth膩 鈥� are different, women were still barred from the discussions around al-颈苍蝉腻苍 al-k膩mil, despite the declaration of the 蚕耻谤鈥檃苍Muslims believe that the Holy 蚕耻谤鈥檃苍 contains divine revelations to the Prophet Muhammed received in Mecca and Medina over a period of 23 years in the early 7th century CE. More in verse 4:1³ that both are essentially two halves of one, having been created from a single being or soul. Consequently, the preservation and protection of divine creation on earth, rational reflection and judgement, legislative and scholarly privileges and interactions became exclusive to male humans rather than all humans. This was also reflected in the 岣诲墨迟丑Lit. 鈥榬eport鈥� or 鈥榥arrative,鈥� used for the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad and in Shi鈥榠 Islam also for those of the Imams. corpus and supported by the exegetical tradition in circular arguments, describing female humans as deficient in mind and intellect, the cause of fitna needing restraints and keepers, readily provided by the rules of fiqhThe science of Islamic jurisprudence. declaring them often to be minors requiring guardianship.

However, looking at the women described in the 蚕耻谤鈥檃苍, a different picture emerges. Women鈥檚 voices and actions change the course of history many times, some receive divine inspiration, others preserve and protect divine creation and prophets, most serve God in many ways, all are capable of rational reflection and sound judgement, one argues with the Prophet and is vindicated by God and some are the cause of legislations, many of which became the basis for privileges for other women.

This paper analyses the 蚕耻谤鈥檃苍ic messages gleaned from the stories and actions of several extraordinary women,⁴ and argues that the 蚕耻谤鈥檃苍 designates them as entitled to claim perfection and therefore to be among others aspiring to being al-颈苍蝉腻苍 al-k膩mil.

賲丕匕丕 丨丿孬 賱賳氐賮 丕賱亘卮乇賷賾賻丞責聽聽

聽賴賱 鬲賲賾賻 丕爻賿鬲賽亘毓丕丿 丕賱賳賾賽爻丕亍 賲賳 兀賳賿 賷購氐亘賽丨賳 “廿賳爻丕賳賸 賰丕賲賱丕賸”責

賱賯丿 兀孬丕乇 賲賮賴賵賲 “禺賱賷賮丞 丕賱賱赖” 賮賷 丕賱兀乇囟 賰賲丕 賵乇丿 賮賷 丕賱丌賷丞 [2:30]1 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賳賾賽賯丕卮丕鬲貙 亘丿亍賸賸 賲賳 丕毓鬲亘丕乇 丕賱賳賾賻亘賷 氐賱賾賻賶 丕賱賱赖 毓賱賷賴 賵爻賱賾賻賲 兀賰孬乇 丕賱亘卮乇 賰賲丕賱丕賸貙 賵氐賵賱丕賸 廿賱賶 丕賱氐賾購賵賮賷賷賳 丕賱胤賾賻丕賲丨賷賳 賱鬲丨賯賷賯 賰賲丕賱 “丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱賰丕賲賱”貙 賵賰匕賱賰 廿賱賶 丕賱賳賾賽賯丕卮丕鬲 丕賱賮賱爻賮賷賾丞 賱毓賱賲 丕賱賰賱丕賲. 賵亘丕賱乇賾睾賲 賲賳 匕賱賰貙 賮賯亘賱 兀賳 鬲鬲噩匕賾乇 “丕賱氐賾賻賵丕亘賷丞 丕賱爻賾賷丕爻賷賾賻丞” 丨鬲賾賶 賮賷 丕賱兀賵爻丕胤 丕賱兀賰丕丿賷賲賷賾丞貙 賰丕賳 賲購氐胤賱丨 “丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱賰丕賲賱” 賷購鬲乇噩賲 廿賱賶 丕賱廿賳噩賱賷夭賷丞2 毓丕丿丞 亘賭 “丕賱乇噩賱 丕賱賰丕賲賱”貙 賱賷丨賱 賲丨賱 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨 丕賱兀卮賲賱 “丕賱廿賳爻丕賳” 賵賷賻噩毓賱 “丕賱乇賾賻噩賱” 賲氐胤賱丨丕賸 賲噩丕夭賷賾丕賸貙賲賲丕 兀丿賶 廿賱賶 鬲賴賲賷卮 丕賱賳賾賽爻丕亍 賵丕爻賿鬲賽亘毓丕丿 賳氐賮 丕賱噩賳爻 丕賱亘卮乇賷賾 賲賳 鬲丨賯賷賯 丕賱賰賲丕賱 兀賵 丕賱胤賲賵丨 廿賱賷賴.

賵毓賱賶 丕賱乇賾睾賲 賲賳 兀賳 賴匕丕 賱賷爻 賴賵 丕賱丨丕賱 賮賷 丕賱賱睾丞 丕賱毓乇亘賷賾丞貙 丨賷孬 鬲禺鬲賱賮 丕賱賲氐胤賱丨丕鬲 丕賱孬賾賻賱丕孬丞 – 廿賳爻丕賳貙 乇噩賱 兀賵 匕賰乇貙 賵廿賲乇兀丞 兀賵 兀賳孬賶-貙 賮賯丿 鬲賲賾賻 丕爻鬲亘毓丕丿 丕賱賳賾賽爻丕亍 賲賳 丕賱賳賾賽賯丕卮丕鬲賽 丨賵賱 “丕賱廿賳爻丕賳 丕賱賰丕賲賱”貙 賵毓賱賶 丕賱乇賾睾賲 賲賳 廿毓賱丕賳 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 賮賷 丕賱丌賷丞 [4:1]3 兀賳賾賻 賰購賱賾賻丕賸 賲賳 丕賱乇賾賻噩賱 賵丕賱賲乇兀丞 賷卮賰賱丕賳 賳氐賮丕賳 賲賳 賵丕丨丿貙 賵賯丿 禺購賱賯丕 賲賳 賳賮爻 賵丕丨丿丞. 賮賯丿 兀氐亘丨鬲 賲爻兀賱丞 丕賱丨賲丕賷丞 賵丕賱丨賮丕馗 毓賱賶 丕賱賯賷賾賻賲 丕賱廿賱賴賷賾丞 毓賱賶 丕賱兀乇囟貙 賵丕賱鬲賾賻賮賰賷乇 賵丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷賾貙 賵丕賱丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 丕賱鬲賾賻卮乇賷毓賷賾賻丞 賵丕賱毓賱賲賷賾賻丞 丨賽賰乇丕賸 毓賱賶 丕賱亘卮乇 丕賱匕賰賵乇 丿賵賳 睾賷乇賴賲 賲賳 噩賲賷毓 丕賱亘卮乇貙 賵賴賵 賲丕 丕賳毓賰爻 兀賷囟丕賸 賮賷 賲噩賲賵毓丞 丕賱丨丿賷孬 賵丿毓賲賴 賲賳 禺賱丕賱 丕賱鬲賾購乇丕孬 丕賱鬲賾賻賮爻賷乇賷賾 賮賷 丨噩噩 丿丕卅乇賷賾丞貙 賵賵氐賮 丕賱亘卮乇 丕賱廿賳丕孬 亘兀賳賾賻賴賳賾 賳丕賯氐丕鬲 毓賯賱賺 賵丿賷賳貙 賵兀賳賾賻賴購賳賾賻 爻亘亘購 丕賱賮鬲賳丞 丕賱賾鬲賷 鬲丨鬲丕噩 廿賱賶 賯賷丕丿丕鬲 賵丨乇丕爻貙 鬲購賵賮賾賽乇賴丕 亘爻賴賵賱丞 丕賱賯賵丕毓丿 丕賱賮賯賴賷賾丞 亘廿毓賱丕賳賴賳賾賻 睾丕賱亘丕賸 賰賯丕氐乇丕鬲 賷賻丨賿鬲賻噩賳 廿賱賶 丕賱賵賽氐丕賷丞.

賵賲毓 匕賱賰貙 賮亘丕賱賳賾賻馗乇 廿賱賶 丕賱賳賾賽爻丕亍 丕賱賾賱賵丕鬲賷 賵乇丿 匕賽賰乇賴購賳賾賻 賮賷 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲貙 賷馗賴乇 賲賳馗賵乇 賲禺鬲賱賮. 丨賷孬 兀氐賵丕鬲購 丕賱賳賾賽爻丕亍 賵兀賮毓丕賱賴賳賾賻 鬲睾賷賾乇 賲購噩乇賷丕鬲 丕賱鬲賾賻丕乇賷禺 賮賷 賲賳丕爻亘丕鬲 毓丿丞貙 賮賻亘毓囟購賴賳賾賻 賷鬲賱賯賾賻賷賳 廿賱賴丕賲賸丕 廿賱賴賷賾賸丕貙 賵亘毓囟購賴賳賾賻 丨丕賮馗賳賻 毓賱賶 丕賱禺賻賱賯賽 丕賱廿賱賴賷賾 賵丕賱兀賳亘賷丕亍 賵丨賲賵賴賲丕貙 賵賲毓馗賲賴賳賾賻 賷禺丿賲賳 丕賱賱赖 亘賽胤購乇賯賺 毓丿賷丿丞貙 賵噩賲賷毓購賴賳賾賻 賯丕丿乇丕鬲 毓賱賶 丕賱鬲賾賻賮賰賷乇 丕賱毓賯賱丕賳賷賾 賵丕賱丨賰賲 丕賱爻賾賻賱賷賲貙 鬲購噩丕丿賽賱購 廿丨丿丕賴賳賾賻 丕賱賳賾賻亘賷賾 賵鬲孬亘鬲 氐丨丞 賲賵賯賮賴丕 亘鬲兀賷賷丿 廿賱賴賷賾貙 賵賰賲丕 兀賳 丕賱亘毓囟購 丕賱丌禺乇 賯丕丿鬲 兀賮毓丕賱賴賳賾 廿賱賶 鬲卮乇賷毓丕鬲賺 兀氐亘丨鬲 兀爻丕爻丕賸 賱丕賲鬲賷丕夭丕鬲 賳爻丕亍賺 兀禺乇賷丕鬲.

鬲購丨賱賾賽賱購 賴匕賴 丕賱賲賯丕賱丞 丕賱乇賾賻爻丕卅賱 丕賱賯乇丌賳賷丞 丕賱賲購爻鬲賯丕丞 賲賳 賯氐氐 賵兀賮毓丕賱 丕賱毓丿賷丿 賲賳 丕賱賳賾賽爻丕亍 丕賱丕爻鬲孬賳丕卅賷丕鬲4貙 賵鬲購噩丕丿賽賱 亘兀賳賾 丕賱賯乇丌賳 丕賱賰乇賷賲 賷賲賳丨賴賳賾賻 丕賱丨賯賾賻 賮賷 丕賱賲胤丕賱亘丞 亘丕賱賰賲丕賱 賵亘丕賱鬲賾賻丕賱賷 兀賳 賷賰賵賳賳賾賻 賲賳 亘賷賳 丕賱丌禺乇賷賳 丕賱賾賻匕賷賳 賷胤賲丨賵賳 廿賱賶 兀賳 賷賰賵賳賵丕 廿賳爻丕賳賸丕 賰丕賲賱丕賸.

Please note filming and photography may take place during the event, and be used across our website, newsletters and social media accounts. These could include broad shots of the audience and lecture theatre, speakers during the talk, and of audience members participating in Q&A.

Views expressed in this lecture are those of the presenting scholars, not necessarily of IIS, the Ismaili community or leadership. Promotion of this lecture is not an explicit endorsement of the ideas presented.

Cover image: from 1583 (TIEM 1973). Attributed to Seyyid Lokman. Public Domain.

1. Q. 2:30 And when your Lord said to the angels, I am going to place in the earth a khal墨fa, they said: What! wilt Thou place in it such as shall make mischief in it and shed blood, and we celebrate Thy praise and extol Thy holiness? He said: Surely, I know what you do not know.
2. In German it is different, as it becomes the 脺bermensch, the human ideal or the goal humanity sets for itself.
3. ‘SQ. 4:1 O people! be careful of (your duty to) your Lord, Who created you from a single being and created its mate of the same (kind).
4. Adam鈥檚 wife, Pharaoh鈥檚 wife, the mother and sister of M奴s膩, the Egyptian鈥檚 wife, the woman ruling Sheba, Maryam, daughter of 士Imr膩n and her mother, and she who argued, 鈥楰hawla bint Tha士laba鈥�.