Avicenna’s Allegory on the Soul听is a rare Ismaili publication written in medieval Yemen.听 It is the first time that this publication has been translated and made available in a printed edition. As a noteworthy addition to the听Ismaili Texts and Translations Series, the volume combines a critical edition of the original Arabic text with a parallel English translation and an extended introduction.
Within the numerous writings that he left for future generations, Ali Ibn al-Walid (d. 1215 CE) – the fifth chief听诲补鈥檌听of the Tayyibi branch of Ismailism – composed a detailed commentary on a poem traditionally attributed to Ibn Sina (d. 1037 CE, widely known in the West as 鈥楢vicenna鈥). At twenty lines long, the听鈥楶oem of the Soul鈥櫶(Qasidat al-nafs) is considered to be a short prose, which abounds in thought-provoking imagery, as the philosopher uses the analogy of a dove to symbolise the human soul. In his writings, the dove has lost its way and forgotten its true home. The dove鈥檚 retrieval of its homing instinct is a metaphor for spiritual awakening.
In the introduction, considerable space is given to a discussion on the significance of allegorical texts attributed to Ibn Sina in the context of his wider thought. In his commentary, the Ismaili thinker Ali Ibn al-Walid has explored all the details of its imagery from the viewpoint of Ismaili cosmology and psychology, as per the Ismaili tradition during the medieval period in Yemen. The听haqa’iq听system in this tradition had developed the teachings of the great Fatimid philosophers and the听Rasa鈥檌l听Ikhwan al-Safa鈥听into a new synthesis.
According to Ibn al-Walid, the intimately personal level and the vast cosmological level merge. Individual souls may truly assist the world-soul by living in a high-minded and spiritual way while they are embodied on earth – by which the commentator primarily means that individuals should live as faithful members of the听da’wa,听as articulated in the translator鈥檚 introduction:
鈥淭he last line of the poem likens the dove in her speedy departure, to 鈥榣ightning flashing in the sanctuary鈥. Ibn al-Walid interprets the sanctuary here to mean the human body. The soul makes her appearance within the matrix of the latter, like a fulgurating light, shining all too briefly while the period of life runs its course. 听
According to the commentator, the real intent of this metaphor is not descriptive but hortative: Ibn Sina is urgently 鈥榙irecting the foremost to get provision for the Day of Return鈥… [the commentator] adding that Ibn Sina鈥檚 allusion to life鈥檚 transience is a summons 鈥榯o follow God鈥檚 sainted friends and their dignitaries who are the best of creation鈥, in other words, to submit oneself to the structures of the听da鈥榳a.鈥澨
Regarded as one of the most pre-eminent Muslim philosophers, Ibn Sina has had a seminal influence, not only on Islamic philosophy but also on European philosophy. Only a small number of Ismaili thinkers have actively engaged with Ibn Sina鈥檚 works 鈥 other than Nasir听al-Din听al-Tusi and, to an extent, Shahrastani. Therefore, the work of Ibn al-Walid offers invaluable insights into esoteric Muslim thoughts and a deeper understanding of Ibn Sina鈥檚 substantial intellectual legacy.
