Abstract
Ikhwan al-Safa鈥櫶(the Brethren of Purity) were the affiliates of an esoteric coterie that was based in Basra and Baghdad around the last quarter of the tenth century CE. The learned adepts of this fraterni颅ty authored a compendium,听搁补蝉补鈥檌濒听Ikhwan al-Safa鈥听(The Epistles of the Brethren of Purity), which was structured in the form of an encyclopaedia.
This voluminous work grouped fifty-two tracts that treated themes in mathematics, music, logic, astronomy, and the physical cum natural sciences, as well as explor颅ing the nature of the soul and investigating associated matters in ethics, revelation, and spirituality. This series offered synoptic elucidations of the classical traditions in philosophy and science of the ancients and the moderns of the age. It was also accompanied by a dense treatise titled听al-Risala al-jami鈥榓听(The Comprehensive Epistle)听and further complemented by an appendage known as听Risalat.jami鈥榓t al-jami鈥榓听(The Condensed Comprehensive Epistle).
This is an edited version of an article which was originally published in听Medieval Islamic Civilization, an Encyclopedia, Vol. I, p. 118-119, ed.听Josef W. Meri, Routledge (New York-London, 2006)听
Ikhwan al-Safa鈥
Ikhwan al-Safa鈥櫶(the Brethren of Purity) were the affiliates of an esoteric coterie that was听 based in Basra and Baghdad around the last quarter of the tenth century CE. The learned听 adepts of this fraternity authored a compendium,听搁补蝉补鈥檌濒听Ikhwan al-Safa鈥櫶(The Epistles of the Brethren of Purity), which was structured in the form of an encyclopaedia. This voluminous work grouped fifty-two tracts that treated themes in mathematics, music, logic, astronomy, and the physical cum natural sciences, as well as exploring the nature听 of the soul and investigating associated matters in ethics, revelation, and spirituality. This series offered synoptic elucidations of the classical traditions in philosophy and science of the ancients and the moderns of the age. It was also accompanied by a dense treatise titled听al-Risala al-jami鈥榓听(The Comprehensive Epistle) and further complemented by an appendage known as听Risalat.jami鈥榓t al-jami鈥榓听(The Condensed Comprehensive Epistle).
The precise identity of the authors of this monumental corpus and the exact chronology of its composition, remain unsettled matters of scholarly debate in the field of Islamic studies. Although the Ikhwan鈥檚 writings have been described as being affiliated to Sufi, Sunni, or Mu鈥榯azilite teachings, it is more generally accepted that their line in literature belonged to a听Shi鈥榠te听legacy that had strong connections with the Ismaili tradition. While some scholars assert that the听搁补蝉补鈥檌濒听Ikhwan al-Safa鈥櫶are attributable to early Fatimid sources, others maintain that this textual legacy transcended sectarian divisions in Islam and, in its spirit of openness, should consequently lead us to treat its authors as free thinkers who were not bound within the doctrinal confines of a specific creed. Moreover, besides founding their views on the听Qur鈥檃n听and the teachings of Islam, the Ikhwan did not hesitate to appeal in their听搁补蝉补鈥檌濒听to the other scriptures of Abrahamic monotheism, such as the听Torah听of Judaism and the听Canonical听Gospels听of Christianity.
The Ikhwan were also implicitly influenced by Ancient Indian and Persian classics, and they were enthusiastically inspired by the Greek legacies of the likes of Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Plotinus, Euclid, Ptolemy, Porphyry, and Iamblichus. Finding 鈥渢ruth in every religion鈥 and seeing knowledge as the pure 鈥渘ourishment for the soul,鈥 the Ikhwan associated the pursuit of happiness and the hope of salvation with the scrupulous unfolding of rational and intellectual quests. They furthermore promoted a friendship of virtue among their companions and gave a venerable expression to the liberal spirit in Islam. Their syncretism, which is not reducible to a mere form of eclecticism that may have been partly influenced by Mesopotamian Sabaean practices and beliefs, did ultimately ground their eschatological aspiration to found a spiritual sanctuary that would prudently assist their co-religionists in overcoming the sectarian discords that plagued their era.
Oriented by a literal interpretation of the classical microcosm and macrocosm analogy, as it was primarily noted in their conception of the human being as a microcosm and of the universe as a macroanthropon, the Ikhwan did avidly attempt to restore the sense of harmony and equipoise between the psychical order and its correlative cosmological shaping forces. Their analogical thinking was furthermore inspired by a Pythagorean arithmetic grasp of the structuring orderliness of the visible universe, and they moreover adopted a Neoplatonist explication of creation by way of emanation in a creditable attempt to reconcile philosophy with religion.
Drafted in an eloquent classical Arabic style, the Ikhwan鈥檚 epistles displayed a remarkable lexical adaptability that elegantly covered the language of mathematics, logic, and natural philosophy, as well as encompassing the intricacies of theological deliberation and occultist speculation, while also giving expression to a poetic taste that was听 ingeniously embodied in resourceful fables and edifying parables. In terms of the scholarly significance of the听搁补蝉补鈥檌濒听and the cognitive merits of the Ikhwan鈥檚 views, it must be stated that, despite being supplemented by oral teachings in seminaries, their textual heritage was not representative of the most decisive of achievements made in the domains of mathematics, and the natural and psychical sciences of their epoch.
Nonetheless, the Ikhwan鈥檚 intellectual acumen becomes most evident in their original and sophisticated reflections on matters related to spirituality and revelation, which did compensate the ostensible scholarly limitations that may have resulted from the diluted nature of their investigations in classical philosophy and science. However, in spite of these traceable shortcomings, their corpus remains exemplary of medieval masterpieces that represented erudite popular adaptations of proto-scientific knowledge. Assimilated by many scholars across a variety of Muslim schools and doctrines, the Ikhwan鈥檚 textual heritage acted as an important intellectual catalyst in the course of development of the history of ideas in Islam, rightfully deserving the station that it has been assigned amid听 the Arabic classics that constituted the high literature of the medieval Muslim civilisation.
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Author
Professor Nader El-Bizri
Professor Nader El-Bizri听is a philosopher and architect. He is currently affiliated with the University of Cambridge, and he was until recently the Dean of the College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences at the University of Sharjah. Prior to that he was a Leverhulme Visiting Professor at Durham University and a tenured Professor at the American University of Beirut, where he served as the Associate Dean of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, and as the Director of General Education. Before that he taught and conducted research across the academic ranks at the universities of Harvard, Nottingham, Lincoln, and at the CNRS in Paris and the IIS in London. He serves on various academic boards internationally and is the General Editor of the听Epistles of the Brethren of Purity听series that is published by Oxford University Press in association with the IIS. He has acted as advisor to the Science Museum in London, the Aga KhanA title granted by the Shah of Persia to the then Ismaili Imam in 1818 and inherited by each of his successors to the Imamate. Trust for Culture in Geneva, the Solomon Guggenheim Museum in Berlin, UNESCO in Paris, and Expo2020 in Dubai. He has been interviewed by the BBC and France Culture cultural programs, and in recognition of his contributions to the field, he has received awards and honours, including the Kuwait Foundation for the Advancement of Sciences Prize.
