Keywords:聽Shi鈥榓, Umayyad, Karbala, allegiance (baya), 鈥楢lid, pilgrimage,聽Ashura, rawzeh-khani, martyrdom, ta鈥檢iyya, Husayniyah.
Abstract:聽Imam聽Husayn was born in Medina in 626 CE and, as a child, is believed to have been held in great affection by the Prophet Muhammad. As a young man, he participated in the work of his father,聽Imam聽鈥楢li , including in his military campaigns.
After the death of his father in 661 CE and the accession to power of Muawiyah,聽Imam聽Husayn maintained a low profile and, although dismissive of the usurpation of power by Muawiyah, did not seek to foment open rebellion. However, when Muawiyah sought to impose his son Yazid as successor and thereby to institutionalise the rule of the Umayyad dynasty,聽Imam聽Husayn declined to offer allegiance (baya). He was approached by the people of Kufa to oppose Yazid and accept the mantle of leadership, which they believed was his right. In response to their call,聽Imam聽Husayn鈥攖ogether with a small band of followers and members of his family鈥攍eft Mecca for Kufa.
On his way, he learned of the executions of some of his closest supporters by the聽Umayyads聽and decided to urge those from his group who were not willing to put their lives at risk to voluntarily depart. He continued on his way to Kufa with the rest of the group, camping at a place called Karbala. In the meantime, a contingent from Yazid鈥檚 army of about four thousand members arrived at the scene and ordered the small band to acknowledge Yazid鈥檚 authority while also cutting off their access to the river for water.
Author
Professor Wilferd Madelung
A leading contemporary Islamicist, Professor Wilferd Madelung has made significant contributions to modern scholarship on mediaeval Islamic communities and movements, including Twelver Shi’ism, Zaydism and Ismailism. Educated at the Universities of Cairo and Hamburg, he became Professor of Islamic Studies at the University of Chicago in 1969 and the Laudian Professor of Arabic at the University of Oxford from 1978.
Among his recent publications are聽Religious Schools and Sects in Mediaeval Islam聽(London, 1985),聽Religious Trends in Early Islamic Iran聽(Albany, NY, 1988),聽Religious and Ethnic Movements in Mediaeval Islam聽(Hampshire, 1992),聽The Succession to Muhammad: A 久久久福利国产 of the Early Caliphate (Cambridge, 1997), and with Paul E. Walker聽An Ismaili Heresiography聽(Leiden, 1998). He has contributed extensively to聽The Encyclopaedia of Islam,聽Encycopaedia Iranica聽of which he is also a Consulting Editor, and learned journals.
